Походы армии Тамерлана в Центральное Предкавказье в 1395–1396 гг. (локализация, проблемы изучения)

Introduction. The article attempts to localize Tamerlane’s campaigns of 1395–1396 in Central Ciscaucasia aimed weaken the Golden Horde, eliminate chief forces Tokhtamysh and his allies native region invaded. Goals. study seeks analyze compare data from artefacts, written phonic sources relating Ciscaucasia, clarify roles once played therein by archaeological sites investigated across Stavropol Krai. Materials methods. paper focuses on sources. former include ones contained occupation layer Majar hillfort bearing traces city’s demolition late 14th century CE, as well those two other Horde era — Novopavlovka Kochubeevskoe-1 settlements. examined are works Arab, Persian Western European authors, including modern ones. As for medieval Arab sources, most detailed accounts further analysis Books Victory Nizam al-Din Shami Sharaf ‘Ali Yazdi, chronicles Abd-al-Razzāq Samarqandī. Most precious has been discovered J. Schiltberger’s writing, oral summarized E. Çelebi A. Firkovich. work employs historical-systemic, historical-comparative, cartographic is supplemented with results scientific surveys recently conducted glaciers West Caucasus. Results. In spring 1395, Tamerlane invaded East Caucasus defeat decisive battle that took place Malka-Kura interfluve. Later autumn winter 1395–1396, invaders would return North raids throughout lands Kuban Beshtau. Conclusions. was following a certain plan compiled due regard natural/climatic conditions seasonal economic cycles Ciscaucasia’s nomads. invading troops kept field use local resources foodstuffs Dzhulat county, summer pastures Bishdag, Kuma-Manych Depression. devastating right wing Ulus Jochi take into possession previously deployed rulers Horde.